Growth in Australian Agricultural Sector-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Growth in australian agricultural sector for export market. Answer: Introduction The agricultural sector is one of the key economic sectors for Australia from the point of view of International exports. Agriculture and the farm sector accounted for over 6% of the total exports of Australia . Agri-Exports from Australia must cope up with a dynamic economic and political world in order to maintain market share. This report is a snapshot of growth in agricultural exports from Australia. Agricultural Exports of Australia and their Growth Table 1 The Top- Five Agri-commodities Exported from Australia Commodity 2014-15 (in million A$) 2015-16 (in million A$) 2016-17 (in million A$) % share % Growth between 2012 and 2016 Beef 9,040 8,495 7,115 1.9 12.1 Wheat 5,528 5,096 6,073 1.6 -3.3 Meat (excl beef) 3,840 3,649 3,831 1.0 11.1 Vegetables. 1,236 1,936 3,271 0.9 22.5 Wool and other animal hair 2,782 2,872 3,263 0.9 4.5 (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2018) There are five agricultural commodities which are consistently in the twenty five most exported goods and services from Australia. These figures help understand the dominance of the agricultural sector in Australias exports. On a combined level, these commodities were responsible for over 6% share of the total exports from Australia by AUD. This analysis does not include wine because the exports of wine are not included separately in statistical tables but included under the alcoholic beverages. Nevertheless, Wine produced in Australia is exported globally and is a source of foreign trade. (Winemakers' Federation of Australia, 2014) Australia is also, a major exporter of horticultural products like fruits and nuts. (Aebischer, 2018) As seen above, agricultural exports are not only among the biggest commodity exports of Australia but are also growing rapidly. In general, Agri- export have outperformed other commodity exports from Australia.(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2018) Factors Affecting the Growth of Exports A significant factor that affects growth of exports of the agricultural sector is the rate of exchange of the Australian Dollar. The Real Effective Exchange Rate is a good way to measure export growth. Graph 2: REER Comparison for Australia and USA . Source (The World Bank, 2018) REERis the nominal effective exchange rate (a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs.(International Monetary Fund, 2018) Exchange rates reflect the countrys terms of trade. A better exchange rate leads to better relative prices. Growth in REER implies that exports became more expensive while it became cheaper to import goods. This is an indicator of the loss in trade competitiveness(International Monetary Fund, 2018) The increase in agri-exports have corresponded with the falling value of the Australian Dollar. In order to keep the competitiveness of agri-exports high, it is important to keep the value of the AUD in check. Trade Agreements and Partnerships Australias agricultural exports were pre-dominantly oriented towards the European markets in the past. However, this situation has been changing since mid-1990s. This has been due a number of reasons. One of these reasons being the rise of Asian economies like China and India as economic forces. (Department of Agricuture and Water Resources, 2017) Part of the reason for the decline in the share of Australian exports to the EU has been caused by excessive EU regulation and regulations that usually support agriculture from EU. Agricultural importa to EU are subject to several restrictive quotas, in-quota and out-of-quota tariffs . This could change with the ratification of the Transatlantic Trade Partnership Agreement (TPP). The TPP is a multi country free trade agreement which will allow Australia to export to several countries with low or no tariffs. (Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 2017) Australia has bi-lateral trade agreements with USA and other countries. Trade agreements can be double edged swords as they not only allow exports without tariffs but also allow imports without tariffs. For example, wine is a significant agri-export of Australia. A free trade agreement with USA allows Australia to export wine to USA but also, allows for cheap wine from USA to be imported to Australia.(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017) International Trade Environment The international trade environment is currently volatile and moving towards protectionism. This may have both positive and negative effects on Australias agricultural exports. For example, if the USA goes ahead with protective tariffs on Chinese imports and China retaliates with the same, then there is a possibility of increasing exports from Australia to China. China is a major trading partner of Australia and an importer of commodities such as beef, wine etc.(Department of Agriculture and Water Reources ABRES, 2017) Climate Change Climate chain can negatively affect the agricultural supply chain. Hence climate Change is a credible threat to Australian agri-exports. (Batt, 2015) Climate change presents, not only a direct threat to crops but also indirect threats. For example, water resources are affected due to climate change which consequently increases the costs of irrigation which is turn, increases production costs.(Aebischer, 2018) Conclusion According to Department of Agricuture and Water Resources, (2017) earning from the agricultural sector are expected to be approximately AUD 48.5 billion in 20182019. It is expected that fruit and nut exports will also remain strong. Exports of the traditional commodities such as wool, beef etc. are expected to grow and remain unchanged. However, these analyses do not take into consideration the impacts of the dynamic political changes that are currently shaping up. It is clear, that the growth of agri-exports is shaped up by not the just the agricultural factors but also non-agricultural factors such as climate changes, free trade treaties and more. Growth of agricultural exports in the future is expected to take place from South East Asian countries instead of traditional partners like USA and European Union. Bibliography Aebischer, C. (2018, March 6). Strong export growth for Australian produce. Retrieved from Asia Fruit: https://www.fruitnet.com/asiafruit/article/174918/strong-export-growth-for-australian-produce Batt, P. J. (2015, April 27). Australias five strong pillar economy: agriculture. Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/australias-five-strong-pillar-economy-agriculture-40388 Department of Agriculture and Water Reources ABRES. (2017). A stocktake of selected agricultural markets of the European Union - Opportunities for Australia. Canberra: Department of Agriculture and Water Reources, Australia Government. Retrieved from Department of Agriculture and Water Reources, Australia Government. Department of Agricuture and Water Resources. (2017, April 05). Agricultural Commodities Report. Retrieved from Department of Agricuture and Water Resources, Australian Governmet: https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-commodities/report#commodity-export-forecasts Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2017, December 7). Australia-United States FTA. Retrieved from Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia Government: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/ausfta/Pages/australia-united-states-fta.aspx Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2018, March). Australia's trade in goods and services 2016-17 . Retrieved from Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/trade-statistics/trade-in-goods-and-services/Pages/australias-trade-in-goods-and-services-2016-17.aspx Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. (2017, December 7). Free Trade Agreements. Retrieved from Business, australian Givernmet: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/free-trade-agreements International Monetary Fund. (2018). REER is the nominal effective exchange rate (a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs. Retrieved April 19, 2018, from International Monetary Fund: https://datahelp.imf.org/knowledgebase/articles/537472-what-is-real-effective-exchange-rate-reer Tarditi, A. (1996). MODELLING THE AUSTRALIAN EXCHANGE RATE, LONG BOND YIELD AND INFLATIONARY EXPECTATIONS. Australia: Reserve Bank of Australia. The World Bank. (2018). Databank. Retrieved September 6, 2017, from The World Bank: https://data.worldbank.org/topic Winemakers' Federation of Australia. (2014). Australian Wine. Coles; Winemakers' Federation of Australia.

Pseudonym to protect privacy and confidentiality †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Pseudonym to protect privacy and confidentiality. Answer: Introduction John (Pseudonym to protect privacy and confidentiality) was admitted voluntarily to a community care unit/psycho-social rehabilitation following a referral from the GP due to respite for parents. John was diagnosed with Schizophrenia (schizo-typal traits) and OCD, which was characterized by demotivation, low self-esteem, social withdrawal, anhedonia, negative view of self and ritualistic behavior. This case study presents, beginning with initial assessment, both subjective and objective data that were collected using mental state examination, following DSM-V and NANDA diagnosis. The preliminary findings were used to formulate a collaborative, evidence based recovery for future focused plan. The recovery plan is presented in a logical order: planning and implementation, expected outcomes of care, and finally evaluation and outcome measurements based on Johns objective data (Carey, 2016). Assessment In order to attain a holistic insight of Johns mental state, assessment was performed which included mental state examination, community risk and assessment plan, alcohol and other drug assessment, and behavioral and symptom identification scale (BASIS-32) (Dwyer, 2012). Johns current medication included Risperidone (Risperidol consta) 37.5mg IM injection depot for every two weeks. Although John was recommended to take ZOLOFT (OCD traits) tablets, he declined due to side-effects of the drug. Mental state Exam Being a Greek, the 34-year-old John was dressed in a color t-shirt and cargo pants with small stains on color appropriate for weather. John appeared to be thin, having poor personal hygiene, rigid posture, poor eye contact and greasy hair. John could be described as Im doing laundry and shower once every two days. He looked anergic and walked very slowly, while the psychomotor retardation was a times slow to initiate tasks. Johns speech was slow in rate, soft, audible and answered to all the questions in a polite manner. Throughout the conversation, John seemed to be inactive in the interview. Johns mood was euthymic, hyper vigilant, non-depressed and mildly anxious. His affect was blunted since he had a very low facial expression, anhedonia, reactive and inappropriate gestures and wanting to pinch his cheeks every time and then throughout the conversation. However, Mr. John did not present any formal thought disorder although he was obsessed with cleaning vegetables and checking loc ks frequently. He also had some persecutory delusions because he occasionally stated that someone is following when I go out. John was also isolated, self-neglected and stayed in his bedroom for many hours, socially withdrawn without any friends. He usually reported that he used to isolate himself in his room since he was alert and oriented in terms of person, place, time and the environment. This patient also experienced difficulties in performing day to day life routines, household responsibilities and thus he had to be prompted severally, in order to get on board. He was also not impulsive and hence did not present with any perception disorders. John was dependent on his parents and he was poor in solving problems and making decisions. Risk assessment The community and risk assessment plan was used to assess the general vulnerability, dynamic risk, statics and falls, and nutritional risk. The general vulnerability of Mr. John included a history of childhood trauma and a record of being bullied at school. Rumination on events resulted in significant self-neglect, poor self-care and social withdrawal. John was isolative and never received any social support including from friends and he reported I feel fear when I come out and I feel someone is following. John had also been charged by the police for removing license plates from a police vehicle. As a result of the persecutory ideas towards the police, John stated The police will be here at any time to take me away. However, this patient never had no known history of suicidal injury, deliberate self-harm or past attempts, and current thoughts of suicide or self-harm. Moreover, John was a non-smoker, non-alcoholic and non-drug abuser. Physical health The head to toe assessment was used to obtain the data, whereby Johns vital signs were found to be within the limits (100% SpO2, 18 breaths per minute, 70 beat per minute, blood pressure 120/ 70 mmHg, and temperature 36.4C). Additionally, John never experienced any pain, and the BMI was 22, and hence considered to be normal based on Reinders et al., (2015). He neither had any abnormalities in gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, nor did he present any pressure injuries or wounds on the skin. Diagnosis By use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Johns presentation [Appendix-I], provided the requirement for diagnosis of schizophrenia disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). John had this diagnosis for past 10 years, and was dependent on his parents since he was described as I hope to become more independent, because my parents are very protective and do things for me. He also expressed his desire to regain mental wellbeing and stated that I want to be more motivated and possibly take on another study course in future. John had some persecutory delusions and negative symptoms of schizophrenia since he was amotivated, and asocialite. He also had negative views about himself and others including anhedonia secondary to schizophrenia disorder, which could be related to childhood trauma. The Northern American Nursing Diagnosis Association taxonomy of nursing diagnoses 2015-2017 (Herdman Kamitsuru, 2014) was applied to the nursing process to identify one problem or issue in this patients. Social isolation was one of his problems and was evidenced by assessment, subjective and objective data. John had difficulty in reality, establishing relationship, and false belief about the intension of other people on him. Planning Implementation In order to achieve Johns goals for his problem of social isolation, nursing interventions were required to make a plan using the SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely) approach (Revello Fields, 2015). It was evident that Johns mental state was greatly affected by childhood trauma and bullying at school. Social isolation is positively correlated with schizophrenia such as low self-esteem, anhedonia and asociality (ref). Based on Johns presentation, it was required that nursing interventions were to be collaborative with John, so that a recovery-focused wellness plan could be developed to keep him safe. Group activities The group activity used in this case was gathering, whereby John expressed that he would be interested in making friends and stated I want to see myself as a friendly person and show an interest in other people. Based on his preferences, group interventions with problem-focused and goal-oriented activities were suggested, in an effort to alleviate social isolation and loneliness (Henderson). This intervention was given by nurses in collaboration with occupational therapist and social workers (ref). The group activities were realistic, and thus John was encouraged to engage with other clients. He was therefore asked to participate in activities such as card games, group outings, community meetings, walking in groups and cooking a meal. John was prompted more to get on to board as he was a slow learner and took long time to initiate a task. John was thus required to be educated to improve significant social interactions by participating in group activities. He was also advised on how t o establish rapport and show positive regard towards other people and seek for help whenever he needed support in various activities (Prokofieva). Gardiner reported that group-based activities make clients to continue feeling safe and competent during interactions. Furthermore, on long term management, clients will demonstrate willingness and desire to socialize with staff and co-clients and voluntarily participate in group activities without prompt Ojengbede. Social skill training Social skill training is an education which teaches necessary skills for effective communication with others (ALLY). John was encouraged to attend social skill training which helped to learn adaptive social skills. John was to be trained in an environment that was free of any stimuli like loud noises and high traffic (lauren), to avoid deviation of his training. Initially, John would aim to learn simple basic behaviours like maintaining good eye contact, keeping appropriate distances, appropriate behaviour, effective communication and making simple decisions. This therefore encouraged John to do rehearsal and role-play the skills which involved practicing and positive reinforcement (ally). Moreover, John would adapt and function at a higher level in the society to improve the quality of his life. However, John took time to adapt these skills because of his negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Pfammatter reported that these skills increase self-confidence, self-esteem and positive resp onses from others. The outcome was that John improved social interaction with family, friends and relatives. Evaluation and expected outcomes Short term goal for John were to engage in one activity accompanied with trusted nursing staff and attend at least one therapy by the end of day within one week. He was also to maintain interaction with other consumer while playing, drawing or cooking a meal. Long term goal for John were to spend time with other clients voluntarily in various group activities to show interest in coping skills. He would also be comfortable in talking and avoid spending more hours in his bedroom. This goal is realistic and may be achieved within a period of six months to one year. The basis-32 and adult well-being scale would be assessed to find any improvements in behaviour or daily living activities. However, social skill training and group activities helped to improve Johns status more independently and lower asociality. Outcome assessment The main issue with John was social isolation and the combination of group activities and social skill training interventions helped him in developing interpersonal and social skills. Outcome assessment for these interventions were adult well-being scale and behavioural and symptom identification scale (BASIS-32), and recovery. The wellness plan and monitoring of mental change every month was necessary with an occupational therapist, social worker, psychologist and psychiatrist. John currently had little difficulty in performing day to day life activities, household responsibilities, relation with family members, and isolation/feeling of loneliness. He had improved in self-care and independent in performing tasks but needed to be prompted for once. John had recently enrolled in TAFE program, criminal justice and started working for four hours in his brother in laws warehouse. Finally, subjective data of recovery stated that I feel more confident doing house chores and cooking and I w ill remain active and try to pass my exams in future. Conclusion John was referred to a community care unit by treating team with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, where social isolation was a current issue. The nursing process involved assessments such as mental state examination, risk assessment and physical health to form a nursing diagnosis. Based on the John preferences, collaborative recovery-focused interventions such as group activities and social skill training were framed to achieve goals. To improve social interaction, alleviate social isolation and keep him safe, these evidence-based interventions were used. His intervention plan provided reasonable outcomes which had improved his wellbeing in the community.

George Wyche Essays (182 words) - Visual Arts, Communication Design

George Wyche Walter Benjamin The work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Benjamin goes through the different ages and shows what could be mass produced at those times. The Greeks could only mass produce coins and terracotta things, then came woodcuts which changed writing and printing things. In the middle ages engraving and etching were formed and then lithography was produced and that brought graphic images to be able to produce them in large numbers. Then came newspaper and then digital art which came about in this last century. Walter quotes Paul Valery and his thoughts about how people are constantly changing and wanting more and coming up with ways to make things better. In conclusion Benjamin says that film has become a cult and the public has taken it over and they aren't very good at keeping tabs on it. I agree with Benjamin when he says that film has taken over and we have let it. I don't get into film in my work but I do try to improve my techniques and make my ways better when I create things.

Sociology of Work and Industry

Sociology of Work and Industry No matter what society one lives in, all human beings depend on systems of production to survive. For people in all societies, productive activity, or work, makes up the largest part of their lives- it takes up more time than any other single type of behavior. Defining Work Work, in sociology, is defined as the carrying out of tasks, which involves the expenditure of mental and physical effort, and its objective is the production of goods and services that cater to human needs. An occupation, or job, is work that is done in exchange for a regular wage or salary. In all cultures, work is the basis of the economy or economic system. The economic system for any given culture is made up of the institutions that provide for the production and distribution of goods and services. These institutions may vary from culture to culture, particularly in traditional societies versus modern societies. In traditional cultures, food gathering and food production is the type of work occupied by the majority of the population. In larger traditional societies, carpentry, stonemasonry, and shipbuilding are also prominent. In modern societies where industrial development exists, people work in a much wider variety of occupations. Sociological Theory The study of work, industry, and economic institutions is a major part of sociology because the economy influences all other parts of society and therefore social reproduction in general. It doesn’t matter if we are talking about a hunter-gatherer society, pastoral society, agricultural society, or industrial society; all are centered around an economic system that affects all parts of society, not just personal identities and daily activities. Work is closely intertwined with social structures, social processes, and especially social inequality. The sociology of work goes back to the classical sociological theorists. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber all considered the analysis of modern work to be central to the field of sociology. Marx was the first social theorist to really examine the conditions of work in factories that were popping up during the industrial revolution, looking at how the transition from independent craftwork to working for a boss in a factory resulted in alienation and deskilling. Durkheim, on the other hand, was concerned with how societies achieved stability through norms, customs, and traditions as work and industry changed during the industrial revolution. Weber focused on the development of new types of authority that emerged in modern bureaucratic organizations. Important Research Many studies in the sociology of work are comparative. For instance, researchers might look at differences in employment and organizational forms across societies as well as across time. Why, for example, do Americans work on average more than 400 hours more per year than those in the Netherlands while South Koreans work more than 700 hours more per year than Americans? Another big topic often studied in the sociology of work is how work is tied to social inequality. For instance, sociologists might look at racial and gender discrimination in the workplace. At the macro level of analysis, sociologists are interested in studying things such as occupational structure, the United States and global economies, and how changes in technology lead to changes in demographics. At the micro level of analysis, sociologists look at topics such as the demands that the workplace and occupations place on workers’ sense of self and identity, and the influence of work on families. References Giddens, A. (1991) Introduction to Sociology. New York, NY: W.W. Norton Company. Vidal, M. (2011). The Sociology of Work. Accessed March 2012 from everydaysociologyblog.com/2011/11/the-sociology-of-work.html

Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Discussion Board - Assignment Example On the other hand, the global money related strategy has nonetheless, launched regulations on genuine cash supply henceforth the standard in exchange relies on upon the true premium rate, ostensible cash supply and value level. There are different approaches cases from the USA, including; The U.s. Economy, 1995–2000, the U.s. Economy, 2007–2008, Effects of the Euro in the Macroeconomic Environment, Euro Macro Environment Effects on Managerial Decisions, Southeast Asia: An Attempt to Maintain Fixed Exchange Rate, and Macro and Managerial Impact of the Chinese Yuan Since 2003. Having took a gander at the outside trade around the globe, I agree that the relationship between a nations fare and import using, may be certain if there is an exchange surplus (fares surpass imports) or negative if there is an exchange shortage (imports surpass sends out). This on the other hand, compels the legislature to execute strict measures the extent that cash trade and its rates is screened to realize consistence in cash dissemination and kill any kind of expansion that stabilizes nations economy in question (Gali, 2008). In the interim, I have experienced different articles with respect to the level of utilization and using of people and understood that the legislature is right and legitimate to present financial strategies which are executed through procurement of arrangements and regulations to supervise utilization rate to both on firms and

Hip-hop and the link between industry, media, fans Essay

Hip-hop and the link between industry, media, fans - Essay Example Cultural theory is a branch of knowledge that applies experience based techniques, in a quest to develop theories that give an explanation of different elements of human expression. Human beings use communication techniques to express, emotions, feelings and different states of mind acquired in their daily activities in respect to the environmental set up they are in. The term expressions denote forms of communication that human beings use to pass certain information from one person to another. The existence of these forms of communication forms the base for cultural theory. The need to explain how human beings relate with their environment, adapt to it and communicate their experiences to successful generations’ forms the relevance of cultural theory.Human beings use different forms of expression to communicate formation from one person to another. These forms include language, signs, art, music and dance, and observation. Language is used to communicate information either or ally or through written work. Signs and dances, on the other hand, are used to transmit information through the use of visible sense, where ideas are encoded in gestures, body movements and other forms of physical signs. Art involves the use of carefully developed carvings and drawings to communicate ideas (Giddens 1997). Music is a complex form of communication that carries cultural information usually expressed in a coherent mix of the other forms of communication. Music involves combined use of language, dance, musical instruments, signs and art in a good proportion to communicate information from one person to another. All those music elements determine its variation. Music is a cultural phenomenon and can only be understood from a well organised study of cultural elements that build it. Music is also made of key components which include industry, genre formation, media, and fans. The interrelationship between the components can be understood through the cultural theory (Negus 1 996). The theory also analyzes the interrelationship that exists between different people to establish the ideologies that govern their interactions. Cultural theory has a number of elements that outlines several ideologies that govern the interrelationship of different parties in the music. Racism is one of the elements of cultural theory that analysis music with the aim of understanding how music industry, genre formation, media, and fans interrelate. Racism refers to prejudice and discrimination of people based on physical differences that exist between them. Members of a community can discriminate other people based on some physical variations such as the skin colour (Longhurst 2007). This discrimination is seen in the behaviour of a particular group toward another. For instance, in United State the white people may disqualify the black people from access public swimming pools for entertainments. For instance, as revealed by the photo below. Such swimming pools may be linked wit h a particular music genre where fans come to swim while enjoying the entertainment from that music genre. Since the black fans may be limited from participating in those entertainments, then it determines the kind of funs to get involved in the music genre. This kind of racism also influences genre formation, for instance, the black people may find that they are being discriminate by the white people, and decide to form music genre that fit their race. Racism creates an ideology that some people are superior to others based on physical differences. The instincts of superiority felt by a tribe create an environment where one tribe is abusive to the other. This result into one tribe exhibiting behaviours that directly disqualifies others in different areas of life. Mase says that racism is evident in music and society in three interdependent dimensions. The first one is the structural where there is social and economic discrimination against

Criminal Justice Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice Theories - Research Paper Example Victim Precipitation Theory This theory suggests that most people initiate or cause a specific confrontation that may result eventually to that person being victimized by death or injury. Such kind of precipitation on the victim can be termed as either passive or active. Active precipitation on the part of the victim exists where the victim intentionally acts in a manner that is provocative, uses threats or fighting words, or simply initiates an attack first. For example, in cases of crimes such as rape, courts have presented verdicts such as not-guilty based upon whether the victim acted in away or not acted at all in away suggesting consent to the act of sexual relation like the dress code of the woman in question. On the other hand, passive precipitation occurs where the victim exhibits particular features and characteristics that unintentionally threatens or motivates the attacker. Such kind of crimes do happen may be due to conflicts at personal level like where two individuals compete for a job promotion, love interest, or any other rare or desirable commodity. For example, a woman may be promoted and end up being a victim of violence due to the jealousy of someone she may or may not know well from the work station or away. Passive precipitation may also be experienced in cases where the victim is part of a specific group that threatens or offends the economic well being of someone, reputation or even status. According to research, this kind of precipitation exists in situations where there is a relation to power. Hence, economic power minimizes the victimization risk (Samuel, 2007). Differential Association Theory This theory explains deviance and criminal acts in terms of the social relationships of an individual. The Differential Association Theory attributes the causes of crime to a person’s social context. The theory rejects the intense individualism of psychiatry and biological determinism and economic explanations as causes of criminal activ ities. Differential Association Theory poses no particular or obvious threat to the treatment of humane of the victims or the criminals who have been identified. This theory suggests that an individual turns to delinquent lifestyle due to excessive definitions that favor violations of the law over those definitions that are unfavorable to violation of the law. That is to say, deviance results in a situation where an individual is exposed to many social messages that favor conduct than those favoring pro-social acts. Sutherland suggests that the concept of differential social organization and differential association may be applied to aggregation level and an individual level respectively. Whereas differential association theory gives explanations why an individual may gravitate towards criminal and delinquent behavior, differential social organization gives reasons as to why the rates of crime among different social entities appear to differ from each other. The differential associa tion theory has 9 basic postulates: Criminal and delinquent behavior is learned; the theory asserts that delinquent behavior is not particularly inherited and an individual not with no training in crime do not invent any delinquent or criminal behavior; Criminal and delinquent lifestyle is learned from interaction with other people during communication including gestures, verbal or written communication; Learning criminal behavior and delinquent li